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Many other Scientologist-run businesses and organizations belong to the umbrella organization World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which licenses the use of Hubbard's management teachings, and flows directories of WISE-affiliated services. WISE requires those who want to end up being Hubbard management speaks with to finish training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be carried out at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the campuses of the Hubbard College of Administration, which offers an Associate of Applied Science Degree.
This section needs expansion. You can assist by adding to it. In order to facilitate the continued growth of Scientology, the Church has actually made efforts to win allies in the type of effective or reputable individuals. Church of Scientology Perth. Though it has obtained some reliability as a faith in many countries, Scientology has actually also been referred to as both a cult and a business business.
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For instance, it has actually been noted to engage in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by determining as Fair Game people it views as its enemies. In 1979, numerous Scientology members were convicted for their involvement in the church's Operation Snow White, the biggest theft of federal government documents in U.S.
Scientologists were also founded guilty of fraud, manslaughter and damaging witnesses in French cases, harmful libel versus legal representative Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Religious beliefs in America, spiritual scholar Jacob Neusner mentions that Scientology's "high level of exposure" might be perceived as "threatening to established social organizations".
From 1952 until 1966, Scientology was administered by an organization called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS ACTUALLY), established in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was integrated in California on February 18, 1954, altering its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the Internal Revenue Service stripped all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, stating Scientology's activities were industrial and run for the benefit of Hubbard. Debate followed the church on those years, but its growth continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 next ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology were in 52 nations by the time the 80s was available in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church took legal action against and lost consistently for 26 years trying to restore its tax-exempt status. The case was eventually settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than Internal Revenue Service had actually initially demandedand the Internal Revenue Service acknowledged the church as a tax-exempt not-for-profit organization.
Scientology mentions its tax exemption as proof the United States federal government accepts it as a religious beliefs. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was ranked as number 9 in products for the incoming Barack Obama administration to investigate, as figured out in a web survey run by the governmental shift team getting public input for the incoming administration.
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Ron Hubbard designated Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of specific aspects of legal defense for the CoS in 1968 and the Office of The Guardian was developed with its head office located at Saint Hill Manor - Scientology. Under The Guardian's Workplace (later renamed the Office of Unique Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted personnel from Bureau One later arranged and devoted among the largest penetration of United States federal agencies ever committed by an organization not connected with a foreign federal government (that is, one such as the browse this site KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution described their actions as such: The crime devoted by these accuseds is of a breadth and scope formerly unprecedented. No structure, workplace, desk, or file was safe from their snooping and spying. No individual or company was devoid of their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has likewise in the past utilized aggressive tactics in attending to those it sees as trying to reduce them, referred to as Suppressive Persons (SPs) first laid out by Hubbard as part of a policy called reasonable game. Church of Scientology Perth. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having authored, a 1970 expositions book about the Church and its creator.
Using blank paper understood to have actually been dealt with by Cooper, Scientologists forged bomb dangers in her name. When visit this site right here finger prints on them matched hers, the Justice Department began prosecution, which might have sent out Cooper to prison for a prolonged term. The Church's plan was discovered at the very same time as its Operation Snow White actions were exposed.